berikut ilustrasi dari kondisi lubang sumur yang mengalami formation damage
invasi dari filtrat lumpur pemburan mengurangi permeabilitas efektif formasi yang berada di sekitar lubang bor, adanya mud filtrate ini menyebabkan pengembangan clay (swelling clay) sehingga menyebabkan penyempitan permeabilitas batuan
Ilustrasi formation damage saat proses produksi
•In an oil reservoir,
pressure near well may be below bubblepoint, allowing free gas which reduces effective permeability
to oil near wellbore.
•In a retrograde gas
condensate reservoir, pressure near well may be below dewpoint, allowing an
immobile condensate ring to build up, which reduces effective permeability to
gas near wellbore.
Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor antara lain:
•Injected water may
not be clean - fines may plug formation.
•Injected water may
not be compatible with formation water - may cause precipitates to form and
plug formation.
•Injected water may
not be compatible with clay minerals in formation; fresh water can destabilize
some clays, causing movement of fines and plugging of formation.
Oleh sebab itu, maka dibentuklah sebuah model reservoir yang menggambarkan kondisi akibat formation damage seperti gambar dibawahkondisi model reservoir ini menggunakan beberapa asumsi antara lain:
- Consider an undisturbed formation of thickness h and permeability k.
- Assume that something (drilling the well, producing fluid from the well, injecting fluid into the well) changes the permeability near the wellbore. One simple model of this effect is to assume that this altered zone has uniform permeability ka and radius ra, and that the rest of the reservoir is undisturbed.
- For generality, we allow the permeability in the altered zone to be either smaller or larger than the permeability in the undisturbed formation.
Profil tekanan reservoir akibat adanya formation damage |
baca juga cara menghitung skin dan pressure drop di sumur migas
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